Also significance ( p ≤ 0.05) is hardly replicable: at a good statistical power of 80%, two studies will be ‘conflicting’, meaning that one is significant and the other is not, in one third of the cases if there is a true effect. In either case, p-values tell little about reliability of research, because they are hardly replicable even if an alternative hypothesis is true. A major problem is that we tend to take small p-values at face value, but mistrust results with larger p-values. We review why degrading p-values into ‘significant’ and ‘nonsignificant’ contributes to making studies irreproducible, or to making them seem irreproducible. ![]() The widespread use of ‘statistical significance’ as a license for making a claim of a scientific finding leads to considerable distortion of the scientific process (according to the American Statistical Association).
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